Understanding Fake News
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Empowering Communities to Combat Fake News: Training Report and Resources

Dear fighters against fake news, Attached you will find the Content report from the training conducted as part of our project. This report includes a detailed timetable and description of all activities carried out, along with working materials that can help you replicate this training at the local level. Our training is designed to equip you with the tools and techniques to identify and combat fake news. During the training, participants had the opportunity to engage in interactive workshops, discussions, and practical exercises that enabled them to acquire new skills and knowledge. In the Content report, you will find: We believe this report will be a valuable tool in your ongoing efforts to combat fake news. If you have any questions or need additional information, please feel free to contact us. We wish you much success in your work! Sincerely, Your project team

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Sahte? Haber? Fenomen? Sahte Haber Fenomeni?/ FAKE? NEWS? PHENOMENON? FAKE NEWS PHENOMENON?

Authors: TANRIGÜNVERDİ, Alkım E.; GÜLEÇ, A. Enes; GÜLÇEBİ, B. Beyzanur Reuters’ın raporlarına göre, Türk katılımcıların %49’u[1] uydurma haberlerle karşılaşmakta, ve bu oranla birçok ülkeyi geride bırakmaktadır. Aynı rapora göre[2], hükümetin ana akım medya üzerindeki hakimiyeti %90 gibi aşırı seviyelere ulaşmış olup, “terör propagandası” suçlamaları veya mali zorluklar nedeniyle bağımsız gazeteciliğe yönelik baskılar, yanlış bilgilendirme ve medya polarizasyonunun yaygınlaşmasına olanak sağlayan elverişli bir ortam yaratmıştır.[3][4] Olumsuz yönde devamlı artan sayılarla birlikte, Türk Medyasının Reina Katliamı ile verdiği sınavı hatırlamanın zamanı gelmiştir.. .Ö. 1274’te Antik Mısır ile Hitit Devleti arasında gerçekleşen Kadeş Muhaberesi’ne ilişkin sahte haberler, tarihin bilinen en eski sahte haberlerindendir. Bu muharebe sırasında Hitit ajanlarının yaydığı sahte haberlere inanıp tuzağa düşen Mısır ordusu yenilgiye uğramış; ancak deniz yoluyla arkadan gelen yedek ordunun yetişmesiyle durum eşitlenmişti.[5] Dedikodunun en zehirli formunun köklü geçmişinden, Türkiye de payını almaktadır.[6] Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik mesenformasyon kampanyaları ve terör saldırıları masum insanlara zarar vermekte ve toplumsal bölünmeleri derinleştirmektedir. Haziran ayında bir sosyal medya platformunda bir gencin bir köpek yavrusunun ayağını vahşice kestiği bir video klip, hızla “Hayvanlara İşkence Eden Suriyeli Mülteci” olarak damgalandı. Pek çok haber sitesinde ve sosyal medyada yayınlanmasının ardından Türkiye’de pek çok kişi arasında nefret söylemini ve yabancı düşmanlığını (ksenofobi) tetikledi. Video geniş kitlelerce paylaşıldı, ancak videonun uydurma olduğu ve videonun aslının Türkiyeden değil Ürdünden ortaya çıktığı öğrenildi[7] Kutuplaşmanın varlığı ve medyada ve siyasette açıkça gözlenmektedir. Politik düzlemde, mesenformasyon bazı spesifik siyasi anlatıları desteklemek için sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu durum, gerçeğe dayalı söylemi ve olgusallığa dayanan haberciliği teşvik etme çabalarını baltalayarak oldukça bölünmüş bir medya ortamına yaşamak için yalnızca nefes alabildiği bir alan sağlamaktadır—bu, iktidar tarafından satın alınmış olan medya organlarının, %90’a ulaşan oranı ile beraber düşünüldüğünde, tarafsız ve filtrelenmemiş içerik hayalperest bir arzu olarak algılanmaktadır. Cemal Kaşıkçı cinayeti sırasında iktidar tarafından mevzubahis kuruluşlara sık sık bilgi ve iddialar sızdırıldı. Bu da dünyanın, onların yayınladıkları her şeye sorgulamadan inanmasıyla sonuçlandı.[8] Reuters’ın raporuna göre Türkiye’de medyadaki haberlere güvenenlerin oranı yüzde 38 ile sınırlı.[9] Sahte haberlerin günden güne daha ana akım hale gelmesi halkın medyaya olan güvenini yıprattı ve halk arasında septisizmin artmasına katkıda bulundu. Bu durum, artan polarizasyon ve demokratik normlara yönelik zorluklarla birleştiğinde, Türkiye’nin toplumsal bütünlüğüne ve demokratik süreçlerine dair ciddi tehditler oluşturmaktadır.. Örneğin, BBC’ye göre; – Gezi eylemleri sırasında protestocular hamile kadını tekmeledi, üzerine idrarını yaptı. – Amerikalı sosyal bilimci, aktivist Noam Chomsky bir gazeteye yazdığı makalede Cumhurbaşkanı Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ı övdü.  – Myanmar’da nehirde yüzen Arakanlı Müslümanların şişmiş cansız bedenlerini gösteren fotoğraflar.  – Türk savaş uçaklarının Suriye’deki Kürt grupları bombaladığı video görüntüleri. Türkiye’de yaygın bir şekilde paylaşılan ve gündemde uzun süre yer alıp tartışılan yukarıdaki haber başlıklarının hepsinin ortak yanı, tamamının “uydurma” olmalarıdır.[10]  “Sahte Haber” kavramı, farklı dillerde sezgisel anlam karşılığını bulmaktadır. Ancak türkçedeki “Asparagas” deyimi rasyonel bir etimolojik kökene dayanmamaktadır. Latince “asparagus” kelimesinden dilimize geçtiği tahmin edilen Asparagas’ın “Uydurma haber” anlamının Hürriyet gazetesinde Yurdaer Acar ve Yener Tuğrul’un “Amerikalı kız Türk sevgilisiyle bir gecekonduda yaşıyor” başlığıyla 1963 yılında çıkan bir haberinden türediği tahmin edilmektedir.[11]       Reuters’in raporuna göre ankete katılanların yüzde 49’u ‘tamamen siyasi ya da ticari nedenlerden dolayı uydurulmuş hikayelerle’ karşılaştıklarını belirtti. Türkiye bu konuda açık ara önde, zira 37 ülkenin ortalaması yüzde 26%. Bu, kutuplaşmış bir siyasi ortamı ve medya ortamını yansıtıyor olabilir ancak siyasi bölünmenin herhangi bir tarafına özgü değildir. Sol görüşlü katılımcılar %59 ile tamamen uydurma haberlere daha fazla maruz kaldıklarını bildirirken, sırasıyla %49 ve %48 oranları ile bu rakam zamanda merkez görüşlü ve ve sağ görüşlü katılımcılar için de ayrıca son derece yüksek[12] Rapora göre, Türkiye’yi sırasıla yüzde 44, 44, 43, 42, 38 ve 36 puanla Malezya, Yunanistan, Meksika, Macaristan, Romanya ve Çek Cumhuriyeti takip etti. Türk medyasında televizyon kanalları geleneksel üst düzey markalara hakim olmaya devam ediyor. FOX TV hem haftalık kullanımda hem de ana kaynak olarak hâlâ en çok tercih edilen kaynak olmayı sürdürüyor ve onu CNN Türk, NTV ve TRT takip ediyor. İlk 10 geleneksel marka arasında sadece iki gazete (Hürriyet ve Sözcü) yer alıyor. CNN Türk, Hürriyet, Mynet, NTV ve Sözcü en popüler çevrimiçi haber markalarıdır.[13]       Türkiye’de sahte haber sorunu karmaşık ve çok yönlü bir sorundur. Bu durum, sosyal gerilimlerin, kutuplaşmanın ve demokratik zorlukların artmasına yol açarak, içeriğin doğruluğunu kontrol eden kuruluşların ortak bir tepki vermesini ve halk arasındaki medya okuryazarlığı seviyesinin yükselmesi yönünde baskı yapılmasını zorunlu kıldı. 2016 yılındaki İstanbul gece kulübü saldırısında, terörist olduğu iddia edilen kişilerin sahte görüntülerinin dolaşıma girmesi ve daha sonra gerçekleri doğrulayanlar tarafından çürütülmesi bu sorunu ortaya çıkardı.       Dikkate değer bir ulusal mesele ve bir iletişim skandalı olarak, Reina katliamı olarak da bilinen 2016 İstanbul gece kulübü saldırısı, 31 Aralık 2016’yı 1 Ocak 2017’ye bağlayan gece meydana gelen, Hükümet’in kümülatif ihmallerinin zirve örneğidir. İstanbul’daki Reina gece kulübünde yılbaşı kutlamaları sırasında Abdulkadir Masharipov isimli terörist 39 kişiyi öldürdü, 79 kişiyi de yaraladı.       Saldırının ardından çeşitli komplo teorileri ortaya çıktı. ABD büyükelçiliği, saldırıyla ilgili önceden istihbarat aldığı yönündeki söylentileri yalanlamak zorunda kaldı. 2016 yılında İstanbul’da gerçekleşen Reina Gece Kulübü saldırısının “yalan haber” boyutu, olayın ardından ortaya çıkan çeşitli komplo teorilerini içeriyor. Bazı Türk vatandaşları, gazeteciler ve Sabah gibi AKP (Ak Parti) destekçisi basın firmaları, saldırının arkasında CIA’nın da aralarında bulunduğu Batılı kurumların olduğunu öne süren teoriler öne sürdü. Ayrıca, Uygur grubu Türkistan İslam Partisi’nin (TİP) Türkiye sözcüsü olan Doğu Türkistan Bülteni Haber Ajansı, TİP’in katliama karıştığını yalanladı ve bunun yerine İstanbul’daki Uygurların haksız bir şekilde hedef alındığını iddia ederek Fethullah Gülen hareketini ve Çin’i suçladı.[14] Katliamın ardından, medyayı etkisi altına alan başlıca söylentiler dört başlık altında toplanabilir: I. Nusr-et Etiler şubesine saldırıda bulunulduğu iddiası[15] II. R.İ’nin yayınlanan fotoğrafının Reina Katiline ait olduğu iddiası.[16] III. Failin “Noel Baba” Kostümü giydiği iddiası, ve buna bağlı olarak Yeni Şafak başta olmak üzere diğer muhafazakar gazeteler tarafından yürütülen algı yönetimi kampanyası (Aynı gazete, Reina saldırısından hemen sonra farklı mecralarda pasaport görüntüleri yayınlanan Lakhe Mashrapov isimli kişinin daha önce FETÖ örgütü ile Kırgızistan arasında kuryelik yaptığı ve bundan vazgeçtiği için FETÖ tarafından hedef haline getirildiğine dayanan spekülatif iddialarda bulunmuştur.)[17] IV. Pasaport fotoğrafı paylaşılan Iakhe Mashrapov’un Reina saldırısının faili olduğu iddiası[18] Reina Katliamının ardından, fail Iakhe Mashrapov’un pasaport görüntüleri ilk kez TRT’nin uluslarası yayın yapan kuruluşu olan TRTWorld’den yayınlandı. Muhabir Sureyya Lenie

Sahte? Haber? Fenomen? Sahte Haber Fenomeni?/ FAKE? NEWS? PHENOMENON? FAKE NEWS PHENOMENON? Read More »

Rom e Unione Europea: l’ennesimo caso di mala informazione / Romani and the European Union: Another Case of Misinformation

Authors: Alessandro Russi and Oscar Luigi Altamura «L’Europa ci obbliga a pagare la casa ai rom». Questa la dichiarazione alquanto controversa che il 30 ottobre scorso il parlamentare europeo della Lega Gianantonio Da Re ha condiviso sui propri social network. Immediate le reazioni sconcertate degli utenti, divisi tra chi, senza verificare la notizia, si è indignato per tale provvedimento europeo, e chi invece fin da subito ha iniziato a nutrire qualche dubbio in proposito. «Sappiamo di quali espedienti vivano, perché dovremmo trovare loro un tetto?» si è chiesto poi Da Re, che al Parlamento europeo ha presentato un’interrogazione per avere chiarimenti dall’Unione europea. Il post pubblicato sul suo profilo Facebook, contiene a ben vedere numerosi campanelli d’allarme comuni nella diffusione tramite social di fake news. A cominciare dalla grafica semplicistica, proseguendo per un virgolettato privo di una fonte diretta, per finire poi con l’affermazione della propria competenza nell’aver gia’ provveduto a sistemare le cose. Tuttavia, grazie al lavoro encomiabile del sito Pagella Politica, impegnato da anni nel fat-checking, si e’ poi chiarito come effettivamente siano andate le cose. Il 9 ottobre 2023, infatti, i ministri del Lavoro e degli Affari sociali dei 27 Paesi membri dell’Ue, compresa la ministra italiana Marina Elvira Calderone, hanno partecipato alla riunione del consiglio “Occupazione, politica sociale, salute e consumatori” (Epsco), la formazione del Consiglio dell’Ue che ha l’obiettivo di aumentare i livelli di occupazione e di migliorare le condizioni di vita e di lavoro in Europa. Nella riunione del 9 ottobre i ministri europei hanno dunque raggiunto una serie di accordi su alcuni temi, tra cui il precariato, la salute mentale dei lavoratori e la «parità di accesso a un alloggio adeguato e desegregato per i rom». Su questo punto, nelle conclusioni approvate durante il vertice il consiglio Epsco ha invitato gli Stati membri ad adottare «misure concrete» per «migliorare la situazione abitativa dei rom ed eliminare la segregazione abitativa». Al fine di raggiungere questo obiettivo il consiglio ha menzionato la possibilità di usare i fondi europei destinati allo sviluppo sociale, come il Fondo europeo di sviluppo regionale (Fesr) e il Fondo sociale europeo plus (Fse+). Queste conclusioni non comportano nessun «obbligo», come ha invece scritto erroneamente Da Re. Come le risoluzioni e le dichiarazioni, le conclusioni sono documenti che il Consiglio dell’Ue adotta per esprimere una posizione politica su un tema, ma non sono in alcun modo un atto giuridico vincolante per i Paesi membri. In questo caso il consiglio Epsco ha invitato la Commissione europea e gli Stati membri ad aumentare l’integrazione dei cittadini di etnia rom e a migliorarne la condizione abitativa, senza però stabilire obiettivi, scadenze o interventi precisi. Il documento ha sottolineato poi l’importanza di affrontare il problema del cosiddetto “antiziganismo”, ossia il razzismo nei confronti delle persone di etnia rom o sinti, e di coinvolgere i rom nella definizione di politiche sociali che li riguardano. Ora piu’ che mai, considerata la sempre maggiore mancanza di fiducia degli italiani negli organi di informazione, diventa necessario  sviluppare il proprio spirito critico e utilizzare gli strumenti disponibili per verificare la qualita’ e la correttezza delle notizie che sono disponibili sul web e sui media in generale. Suggeriamo, dunque, di consultare affidabili siti web che si occupano di fact checking, come la stessa Pagella Politica ma anche, tra gli altri, facta.news e bufale.net. English: “The EU forces us to pay for homes for the Romani individuals.” This controversial statement was shared on social networks by the European Parliament member, Gianantonio Da Re, on October 30th. The statement immediately triggered a significant reaction among users, divided between those who, without verifying the news, were outraged by this supposed European measure, and those who immediately began to harbor some doubts about it. “We know the tricks they live by, why should we find them a roof?” Da Re later wondered, submitting an inquiry to the European Union in the European Parliament to seek clarification. The post published on his Facebook profile, upon closer inspection, contains several common warning signs in the spread of fake news through social media. Starting with simplistic graphics, continuing with a quotation lacking a direct source, and ending with the assertion of one’s competence in having already taken care of things. However, thanks to the commendable work of the fact-checking site Pagella Politica, engaged for years in fact-checking, it was clarified how things actually unfolded. On October 9, 2023, the ministers of Labor and Social Affairs of the 27 EU member countries, including the Italian minister Marina Elvira Calderone, participated in the council meeting “Employment, Social Policy, Health, and Consumer Affairs” (EPSCO), the formation of the EU Council aimed at increasing employment levels and improving living and working conditions in Europe. During the October 9 meeting, European ministers reached agreements on several issues, including job insecurity, mental health of workers, and the “equal access to adequate and desegregated housing for the Roma.” On this point, in the conclusions approved during the summit, the EPSCO council urged member states to adopt “concrete measures” to “improve the housing situation of the Roma and eliminate housing segregation.” To achieve this goal, the council mentioned the possibility of using European funds for social development, such as the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund Plus (ESF+). These conclusions do not impose any “obligation,” as incorrectly stated by Da Re. Like resolutions and statements, conclusions are documents that the EU Council adopts to express a political position on a topic, but they are not legally binding acts for member countries. In this case, the EPSCO council invited the European Commission and member states to enhance the integration of Romani citizens and improve their housing conditions, without establishing specific goals, deadlines, or interventions. The document also emphasized the importance of addressing the issue of so-called “antigypsyism,” meaning racism against people of Romani or Sinti ethnicity, and involving Romani people in defining social policies that concern them. Now more than ever, given the increasing lack of trust among Italians in information sources, it

Rom e Unione Europea: l’ennesimo caso di mala informazione / Romani and the European Union: Another Case of Misinformation Read More »

Otrovanje Coca-Cola company proizvodima u Hrvatskoj/ Poisoning with Coca-Cola Company products in Croatia

Authors: Valentina Stojaković i Katarina Marković Dana 7.11.2023. Večernji list i Index.hr objavili su članak o osobi koja je završila na hitnom prijemu jer je zadobila teške ozljede sluznice i želudca uslijed konzumacije vode Romequelle u jednom riječkom kafiću. Građani su upozoreni da ne konzumiraju  proizvode koje pripadaju Coca – Cola company. Odmah smo posumnjali da je članak lažan jer autor članka nije poznat. Zatim smo pratili situaciju i nitko u našoj okolini nije povukao proizvode Coca Cole company iz prodaje. U međuvremenu se javilo 30 -ak ljudi s Riječkog područja prijavljujući tegobe. Psihijatar, doktor Stipe Drmić izjavio je za medije da je riječ o psihogenoj reakciji te psihosomatskom reagiranju na vijest zbog čega se mnogo ljudi prijavilo sa simptomima trovanja. Stvorila se atmosfera straha i povećala anksioznost opće populacije. Potvrdu da je vijest lažna dobili smo samospoznajom jer država nije poduzela određene mjere u vezi ovog slučaja, a Konzum je dana 10.11.2023. objavio vijest na društvenim mrežama da se svi proizvodi Coca Cole company smatraju ispravnima te da su dostupni u prodaji. S obzirom da nitko od nadlažnih institucija nije pravovremeno reagirao, prepoznali smo da je riječ o lažnoj vijesti. English: On November 7, 2023, Večernji list and Index.hr published an article about an individual who ended up in emergency care due to severe injuries to the mucous membrane and stomach caused by consuming Romaquelle water in a café in Rijeka. Citizens were warned not to consume products belonging to the Coca-Cola Company. We immediately suspected the article was false because the author was unknown. Subsequently, we monitored the situation, and no one in our vicinity withdrew Coca-Cola Company products from sale. In the meantime, around 30 people from the Rijeka area reported symptoms. Psychiatrist Dr. Stipe Drmić stated to the media that it was a psychogenic reaction and psychosomatic response to the news. An atmosphere of fear developed, and the general population’s anxiety increased, leading people to report symptoms of poisoning. We confirmed that the news was false through self-awareness because the state did not take specific measures regarding this case, and Konzum store announced on November 10, 2023, on social media that all Coca-Cola Company products are considered safe and available for sale. Given that none of the relevant authorities reacted promptly, we recognized that it was a fake news story.

Otrovanje Coca-Cola company proizvodima u Hrvatskoj/ Poisoning with Coca-Cola Company products in Croatia Read More »

NEDAVNE LAŽNE VIJESTI U BIH/RECENT FAKE NEWS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Author: Iris Knežević S tržišta se povlači opasni čips: Dvije osobe završile u bolnici, jedna preminula nakon konzumacije Link: S tržišta se povlači opasni čips: Dvije osobe završile u bolnici, jedna preminula nakon konzumacije – Radiosarajevo.ba. U vrtlogu senzacionalizma, nedavni članak portala Radio Sarajevo.ba “S tržišta se povlači opasni čips: Dvije osobe završile u bolnici, jedna preminula nakon konzumacije” pozornost je usmjerio na pretpostavljeni slučaj trovanja čipsom, ali i otvorio pitanje koliko možemo vjerovati vijestima koje nas dočekuju na naslovnim stranicama. Ovaj dramatični naslov odjekuje u javnosti, a potaknut je nedavnim slučajem trovanja pićem u Hrvatskoj. No, kako razotkriti vijesti koje se kriju iza senzacionalizma i pokušavaju zarobiti našu pažnju?Članak tvrdi da su pronađene izuzetno visoke razine kapsaicina u čipsu Hot Chip Challenge, izazivajući zdravstvene tegobe poput iritacije kože, mučnine, povraćanja i problema s disanjem. Ipak, fact-checking otkriva da nedostaju konkretni detalji o samom incidentu, a izvori informacija nisu jasno navedeni.Osim toga, članak naglašava povlačenje proizvoda s tržišta u nekoliko njemačkih pokrajina, pozivajući se na izvješće Fenix Magazina. Međutim, pažljivim istraživanjem nije pronađen relevantan izvor na spomenutom portalu. Kako smo prepoznali da je riječ o potencijalnom fake newsu? Prvenstveno, nedostatak specifičnih informacija o slučaju, nejasni izvori i senzacionalistički ton ukazali su na potrebu dodatne provjere. Dodatno, povezanost s nedavnim događajem u Hrvatskoj sugerira mogućnost iskorištavanja trenutnih događaja kako bi se stvorila lažna senzacionalnost. Kako se zaštititi od ovakvih prijetnji? Provjeravajte izvore informacija, istražujte više izvora, tražite potvrde i budite svjesni senzacionalizma. Ove vještine postaju ključne u doba digitalnih medija gdje se informacije šire nevjerojatnom brzinom. U Bosni i Hercegovini, nekoliko portala posvećenih provjeri informacija pomaže u filtriranju istinitih vijesti od lažnih. Neki od njih su Raskrinkavanje.ba (https://raskrinkavanje.ba/)  i Media.ba (https://media.ba/bs) .Upravo ovi kanali nude resurse za provjeru činjenica i analizu medijskih trendova.Možemo zaključiti kako ovaj incident s čipsom Hot Chip Challenge i senzacionalističko izvještavanje jasno pokazuje koliko je važno razviti kritičko razmišljanje i provjeravati informacije prije nego što ih prihvatimo kao istinite. English: A dangerous chip is being pulled from the market: Two people hospitalized, one deceased after consumption. Link: Dangerous chip being pulled from the market: Two people hospitalized, one deceased after consumption – Radiosarajevo.ba. Amidst the whirlwind of sensationalism, a recent article from the portal Radio Sarajevo.ba, titled “Dangerous chip being pulled from the market: Two people hospitalized, one deceased after consumption,” has drawn attention to a presumed case of chip poisoning and raised questions about the trustworthiness of news that greets us on the front pages. This dramatic headline resonates with the public, fueled by a recent case of beverage poisoning in Croatia. However, how can we unravel the news hidden behind sensationalism and trying to captivate our attention? The article claims that extremely high levels of capsaicin were found in the Hot Chip Challenge, causing health issues such as skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and breathing problems. Nevertheless, fact-checking reveals the absence of specific details about the incident itself, and the sources of information are not clearly stated. Additionally, the article highlights the withdrawal of the product from the market in several German provinces, citing an report from Fenix Magazin. However, careful investigation did not find a relevant source on the mentioned portal. How did we recognize that this is a potential fake news? Primarily, the lack of specific information about the case, unclear sources, and a sensationalistic tone indicated the need for additional verification. Furthermore, the connection to a recent event in Croatia suggests the possibility of exploiting current events to create false sensationalism. How to protect yourself from such threats? Verify sources of information, explore multiple sources, seek confirmations, and be aware of sensationalism. These skills become crucial in the era of digital media where information spreads at an incredible speed. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, several portals dedicated to fact-checking help filter true news from false ones. Some of them are Raskrinkavanje.ba (https://raskrinkavanje.ba/) and Media.ba (https://media.ba/bs). These channels provide resources for fact-checking and analyzing media trends. In conclusion, the incident with Hot Chip Challenge and sensationalistic reporting clearly demonstrates the importance of developing critical thinking and verifying information before accepting it as true.

NEDAVNE LAŽNE VIJESTI U BIH/RECENT FAKE NEWS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Read More »

Combating Fake News in Croatia: Media and Education as Key Success Factors

In addressing the challenge of fake news, Croatian media employs diverse strategies to ensure quality information for their readers. Journalists increasingly rely on fact-checking tools and platforms, such as Faktograf.hr and H-Alter.org, to uncover false news and disinformation. Digital platforms, like Facebook, have also intensified efforts to recognize and curb the spread of unverified information. On the other hand, journalists are making additional efforts in investigative journalism and analysis, exposing disinformation and providing the public with timely and accurate information. Educating journalists on the specifics of combating fake news has become a crucial component in preserving journalistic integrity. The most well-known investigative journalists in Croatia are Domagoj Margetić, Danka Derifaj, Maja Sever, Boris Dežulović. “Investigative journalists in Croatia not only face frequent attacks and financial penalties but also endure public condemnation, suffering severe consequences for their investigative work. For example, recently, Domagoj Margetić went on a hunger strike because Serbian authorities banned him from entering the country, a restriction imposed due to his investigations into the former head of the security service. Boris Dežulović, a well-known investigative journalist, has faced numerous fines for emotional distress. These fines, legally confirmed in court, are paid by Dežulović as the accused party. In many cases, individuals behind these lawsuits are often members of the ruling party, and sometimes individuals associated with the Catholic Church (such as Željka Markić).Finally, investigative journalists fight daily not only against fake news but also media manipulation in the Croatian media landscape. To improve the situation in Croatian media further, it is essential to work on raising the level of media literacy in society, especially among young people. Introducing media literacy into the school curriculum is crucial to shaping future generations who can critically analyze information, differentiate credible sources from false ones, and responsibly use media. Media literacy education should start as early as primary school, tailored to the age of children and the development of their digital skills. Overall, the joint effort of the media, journalist education, and the integration of media literacy into the educational system, along with the contributions of fact-checking platforms such as Faktograf.hr and H-Alter.org, are crucial steps in combating fake news and strengthening media responsibility in Croatia.

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Combating Fake News in the Digital Age: Romania’s Approach

Authors: Raluca Boaghie, Lucian Hanu, Sergiu Luculescu In an era dominated by information overload, countries need to recognize and protect their people from the potential harm caused by false narratives. And Romania is no exception. Romania has taken proactive measures to prevent and combat the spread of fake news within its borders. The country has updated its legal framework to include provisions that penalize the creation and distribution of false information with the intent to deceive the public. The government, in collaboration with educational institutions and non-governmental organizations, has implemented programs to educate citizens about critical thinking, source verification, and responsible digital citizenship. The government has worked closely with companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google to identify and remove false content from their platforms. This collaboration includes the development of algorithms and tools to detect and limit the dissemination of misinformation. Fact-checking initiatives have gained prominence in Romania, with organizations dedicated to verifying the accuracy of information circulating online, like Factual.ro and Veridica.ro. The collaboration between fact-checking organizations and media outlets contributes to a more informed and discerning public. Apart from this, in my opinion, another necessary method that should be applied in Romania to prevent and combat the spreading of fake news is Transparent Communication. Regular updates on efforts to combat fake news, along with clear and accessible information, could help create an informed and vigilant citizenry. Transparency fosters a sense of shared responsibility in the fight against misinformation. So the Romanian government should emphasize transparent communication to build trust with the public. In the face of the ever-evolving digital landscape, Romania has demonstrated a proactive and multifaceted approach to prevent and combat fake news, also working towards fostering a media-literate and resilient society.

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Lažne vesti u Srbiji/Fake News in Serbia

Autor/Author: Ljubica Tešić DVE NAJVALIDNIJE PLATFORME ZA OTKRIVANJE FAKE NEWSA U SRBIJI Sve o manipulacijama na jednom mestu:1.Istinomer portal koji se bavi raskrinkavanjem lažnih vijesti (https://www.istinomer.rs/)2.Fake news tragač osnovan je od strane novosadske novinarske škole koji se bavi aktivnom borbom protiv dezinformacija u medijima i u sadržajima koji se tiču Srbije. (https://fakenews.rs/).Na platformi Fake news tragač građani se takođe mogu obratiti sa pitanjima vezanima o nekim vestima za koje posumnjaju da su lažne.Istinomer portal bavi se proverom činjenica kroz ocenjivanje izjava javnih zvaničnika i političara, kao i kroz analize važnih društvenih i ekonomskih pitanja. Izjave se ocenjuju po kriterijumima istinitosti, doslednosti i ispunjenja obećanja. Istinomer je od jula 2020. godine zvaničan partner kompaniji Meta za Srbiju u suzbijanju dezinformacija na društvenim mrežama Facebook i Instagram. ŠTO BI SE MOGLO POBOLJŠATI Uvođenje obavezne nastave o medijskoj pismenosti u školski kurikulum bi predstavljao jedan od krucijalnih koraka da đaci kritičnije razmišljaju o informacijama koje dobijaju od strane medija. Pritom, veliki bi se akcenat mogao staviti na prilagođavanje sadržaja gradiva različitim uzrastima đaka. Osim toga, vrlo je važno uključiti i društvene mreže kao jedan od izvora medija koje đaci najčešće koriste. Često određene generacije nemaju svest o tome da li se odgovorno ponašaju na društvenim mrežama, a to je upravo zbog nedostatka znanja i edukacije o korišćenju društvenih mreža. Upravo kroz ovakvu vrstu edukacije đaci bi imali prilike da nauče kako da prepoznaju i izbegnu online pretnje, kako da zaštite svoje podatke i kako da grade pozitivno prisustvo na društvenim mrežama. Kroz tu edukaciju bi se posebna pažnja trebala posvetiti prepoznavanju lažnih vesti, kako bi identificirali nepouzdane izvore, prepoznali senzacionalizam i proučili kontekst u kojem su informacije objavljene.Na linku https://n1info.rs/vesti/dezinformacije-o-masakru-u-skoli-vladislav-ribnikar/ može se pronaći samo još jedna u nizu lažnih vesti u Srbiji, a riječ je o masakru u”O. Š. Vladislav Ribnikar” u Beogradu.Radi se o nastavnici istorije koja je ranjena u pucnjavi u O. Š. Vladislav Ribnikar u kojoj je ubijeno osmoro dece i skolski čuvar i jos sedam osoba povređeno 3. Maja 2023 godina. Masakr je počinio trinaestogodišnji dečak koji je pohađao tu školu. U pojedinim domaćim medijima su izvestili da je ranjena nastavnica preminula. Tu vest su preneli sledeći mediji: Nova, Novi glas, Srbin info, Direktno, Serbijan tajms, Prijedor 24h, Bosna info, Hayat, Press media i Srpska info. Takođe, ova vest je preneta i u dnevniku TV Pink nakon čega je usledio demanti ( Srbija danas, Alo, Lajk, Danasnje i Republika).Nastavnica se oporavlja i prebačena je u manje intenzivnu negu. English: TWO MOST VALID PLATFORMS FOR DETECTING FAKE NEWS IN SERBIA Everything about manipulations in one place: Istinomer portal, which deals with debunking fake news (https://www.istinomer.rs/) Fake News Tracker, founded by the Novi Sad School of Journalism, actively combating disinformation in media and content related to Serbia (https://fakenews.rs/). On the Fake News Tracker platform, citizens can also inquire about news they suspect to be false. The Istinomer portal fact-checks statements by public officials and politicians, as well as analyzes important social and economic issues. Statements are evaluated based on criteria such as truthfulness, consistency, and fulfillment of promises. Since July 2020, Istinomer has been an official partner of Meta for Serbia in combating disinformation on the Facebook and Instagram social media platforms. WHAT COULD BE IMPROVED Introducing mandatory media literacy education into the school curriculum would be a crucial step for students to think more critically about the information they receive from the media. Emphasis could be placed on adapting content to the different age groups of students. Additionally, it is essential to include social media as one of the media sources most commonly used by students. Often, certain generations are not aware of whether they behave responsibly on social media, precisely due to a lack of knowledge and education on using social media. Through this type of education, students would have the opportunity to learn how to recognize and avoid online threats, protect their data, and build a positive presence on social media. In this education, special attention should be paid to recognizing fake news to identify unreliable sources, recognize sensationalism, and study the context in which the information is published. On the link https://n1info.rs/vesti/dezinformacije-o-masakru-u-skoli-vladislav-ribnikar/, another false news in Serbia can be found, regarding the massacre at “O.Š. Vladislav Ribnikar” in Belgrade. It involves a history teacher who was injured in a shooting at O.Š. Vladislav Ribnikar, where eight children and a school guard were killed, and seven other people were injured on May 3, 2023. The massacre was committed by a thirteen-year-old boy who attended that school. Some domestic media reported that the injured teacher had died. The following media outlets transmitted this news: Nova, Novi glas, Srbin info, Direktno, Serbian Times, Prijedor 24h, Bosnia Info, Hayat, Press Media, and Serbian Info. This news was also reported in the TV Pink news, followed by a denial (Serbia Today, Alo, Lajk, Danasnje, and Republika). The teacher is recovering and has been transferred to less intensive care.

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The presence of fake news in Spain

Authors: Marta Comesana Rodriguez, Casilda Lopez de Uralde, Sara Carmen Jacinto Castillo, Amanda Perez What is happening? Biased information in our country is not a recent issue. It has always been part of Spanish media due to political or economic interest. However, after the Covid 19 and interstitial wars such as Ukraine-Russia and Israel-Palestina, we have been more conscious of this reality. These sensible topics have stood out because of the big amount of aggressive and false information published legally. The following studio, made in June 2022 by Statista.com, analyzed the “Percentage of the population that consumed fake news in different topics”, resulting in Covind 19 and politics on the podium. Fake news: consumo por temática informativa en España en 2022 | Statista What is the reason for this? In our modern technological world, our society has allowed influencers or other figures with some authority to publish information, in risk of being fake due to their lack of professional experience, which their audience is going to believe. In addition, social media and blogs are the second favorite media to be informed of actual news in Spain. Commonly, citizens do this to try to avoid ideological tendencies of spanish newspapers and television channels. People no longer believe in “independent periodism”. For example, Telecinco, was one of the most seen channels of Spanish TV. Yet, in 2022 their audience decreased on account of the rise of scepticism. As an impact, other media (even though there isn’t a popular believe that they are influenced by ideologies) have also suffer a decreased of their audience, this are: RTVE, ElDiario and LaSexta. What are the consequences of this? Firstly, Spanish citizens tried to actively avoid watching the news. This also created a segment of the population called “ninis” which have no interest and not trust (ni interés ni confianza translated to spanish). In the second place, those who are still interested often search for a second opinion. Different media have taken advantage of this by publishing sensationalist news with clickbait titles. Both situations created desinformation in the Spanish population, provoking a lack of knowledge and the risk to believe a false reality. What does the government say? The Spanish government is conscious of this issue, and of the need to fight fake news. In order to do that, it is believed that the most important thing is to coordinate technological business, civil society, fact checkers and academic institutions. As well as the importance of strategic information to fight against the construction of a fake narrative. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the segment of our government in charge of it. In their website we found information on legal actions that are being taken in the European Union Like the following: “The European Council of June 2018 entrusted the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the European Commission with the task of presenting, by December 2018, in cooperation with the Member States and in line with the European Council conclusions of March 2015, an Action Plan for a coordinated response against disinformation.This Action Plan was presented and approved at the European Council on 13-14 December 2018.” In this program, we can highlight the creation of the RAS (Rapid Alert System) in March 2019. The RAS includes national contact points and utilizes a specific technological infrastructure to effectively notify about disinformation campaigns. It facilitates instantaneous information exchange among Member States and the Union, ensuring coordinated efforts in monitoring networks for detecting disinformation. The system not only enables the tracking of disinformation campaigns but also supports the development of common responses when needed, enhancing collaboration between European partners. In conclusion, I would make national campaigns informing the Spanish population about fake news issues. In social media, influencers could publish videos or other posts talking about this issue to make their young audience understand the situation and have the desire to acquire critical thinking.

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Training Course Held as Part of the Erasmus+ Project ‘Understanding Fake News – Developing Media Literacy in Our Communities’

Wish Association, in partnership with 6 other organizations, conducted a training for youth workers as part of the Erasmus+ project titled “Understanding Fake News: Developing Media Literacy In Our Communities.” The training took place in the village of Rešetari, near Nova Gradiška, from November 5th to November 13th, 2023. A total of 24 participants from 7 European countries attended the training, including Spain, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Romania, Serbia, and Croatia. Out of the 24 participants, 12 belong to a group with fewer opportunities. Four participanst are facing with geographical obstacles because they came from rural areas, two participants have disabilities, 5 participants are facing with social obstacles due to their sexual orientation, and 1 participant are belonging to the autistic spectrum disorder group. The project team, consisting of 1 trainer, 1 facilitator, and 1 sign language interpreter, collaborated with representatives of partner organizations to tailor the training program to fully meet the participants’ needs, enabling them to actively participate in all activities. The program encompassed over 20 non-formal methods familiarizing youth workers with tools they can apply in their work with young people. Some of the methods that has been used are group work, discussions and debates, creative work, as well as energizers and group-building activities that enhanced group cohesion and created a positive working atmosphere, deemed essential and interesting by the participants. Throughout the program, participants learned to define media and roles in the media and understand and accept the ways in which young people communicate with the media. To delve deeper into the training theme, participants engaged in role-playing, taking on the roles of journalists and creating materials for different media, further strengthening their skills in recognizing fake news. Through the creation of advertisements and the development of a public campaign, participants became insiders in the media. Participants were also introduced to the phenomenon of Deepfake, and they were astonished by how easy it is in today’s world to deceive people using various free and readily available applications. Fake news is a serious problem in today’s society, significantly affecting the mental health of young people who are exposed to it daily, as evidenced by the debate on the topic: “Fake news has a significant impact on young people,” where the affirmative group won by one point. The objectives of the training were: Over the seven working days of this training, many of the set objectives were achieved. Youth workers strengthened their knowledge and skills for working with young people in the field of media literacy and fake news, raising their awareness of the importance of understanding fake news and reducing its impact on trust in public discourse. The 24 youth workers who participated in the training tested non-formal working methods that will help them in their future work with young people. All methods used in the training were sent to the participants for permanent use. The web platform, created early in the project implementation, is regularly filled with resources, and it is expected to contain more than the planned number of informative and educational articles and materials by the end of the project. All stakeholders in this project committed to spreading the project’s results to create an informal network of local organizations and institutions collaborating to share resources, knowledge, and experience, thereby further contributing to preventing the spread of fake news and developing media literacy in their communities. This article reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Fake news in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Digital technologies have made media truly ubiquitous. Whether originated in established publishers or created by users, media content permeates and informs every aspect of our life. Yet, in order to make the most of the wealth of content available to them, people need to be able to make out what they wish from what they don’t, what is suitable from what isn’t. They need a chart and a compass to reap the rewards and fight off the risks of navigating an ocean that looks alluring and forbidding at the same time. ‘Disinformation’, ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’ are terms that have become commonplace in contemporary public debates. The terms are, ultimately, modern parlance for perennial phenomena such as propaganda and conspiracy theories. The advent of, and broad access to, digital technologies and the internet provide school students with far more access to information than any previous generation. Yet, they can also generate “powerful echo chambers for disinformation campaigns” (European Commission, 2018). One of the biggest challenges in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the lack of formal media literacy education. Young people, being digital natives, often assume they are ready to easily navigate through the digital environment. However, they frequently lack the critical thinking skills needed to assess the credibility of information and sources. Inadequate media literacy education being present both in schools and at home, leaves many young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina vulnerable to manipulation. The country’s complex political landscape and situation further worsen the problem. Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two semi-autonomous entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. Both of those are home to different ethnic groups. Disinformation often exploits based on this division, using language and identity as tools to deepen mistrust and share false narratives. The young population who is growing up in this environment may easily fall for disinformation that aligns with their respective ethnic backgrounds. Research “Children’s Media Habits and Parental Attitudes” done by UNICEF in 2020 showed that only one part of the parents set rules for how and when their child or children use information- communication devices, which only partially monitor whether children respect these rules. At the same time, children and parents lack adequate support for increasing their knowledge about the safe use of media and information-communication technologies, particularly institutional support. The consequence of this is that children and parents tend to believe that they know enough about this issue, while the data obtained indicates the opposite (e.g. data on exposure of children to television content that has negatively impacted them or on unsuitable content on the internet). (https://www.unicef.org/bih/media/5871/file/Children’s%20Media%20Habits%20and%20Parental%20Attitudes.pdf) It can be said that media literacy and misinformation are very important issues for young people in Bosnia and Herzegovina. While steps have been taken to address this problem, there is still a long way to go. Legitimizing media education, encouraging critical thinking and promoting digital literacy are important steps on a generation that is prepared to confront misinformation only through collective efforts and insights can Bosnia and Herzegovina hope to safeguard its information environment and prevent an informational divide among its young citizens.

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Preparatory Visit Held as Part of the Erasmus+ Project ‘Understanding Fake News – Developing Media Literacy in Our Communities’

From September 4th to September 7th, 2023, the activity “Preparatory Visit” was successfully conducted as part of the Erasmus+ project “Understanding Fake News – Developing Media Literacy in Our Communities.” The activity took place at Pansion As in the village of Rešetari near Nova Gradiška. A total of 15 participants from seven different countries took part in the Preparatory Visit, including Serbia, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Spain, Turkey, Italy, and Croatia. Each country had two representatives, and Croatia also provided an educator who facilitated the activity. As one of the tasks during this visit was the signing of a partnership agreement, each country designated one authorized person to sign the agreement on behalf of their respective organization. The main objectives of this activity were as follows: 1. Coordination of representatives of all partner organizations on mutual rights and obligations through the project 2. Defining the time frame, target group and methods of communication involved in the following activities 3. Defining important external collaborators and organizations from the local community, which will be especially important in the follow-up phase 4. Signing of the partnership agreement 5. Strengthen communication and partnership ties of the involved representatives and organizations as a whole The set objectives were fully achieved. Coordination among all partner organizations regarding their mutual rights and obligations during the project was established, the timeframe and necessary external partners for the follow-up phase were defined, the partnership agreement was signed, and a strategy for strengthening communication and partnership ties among the involved representatives and organizations was developed. To achieve these objectives, a series of workshops were held during the Preparatory Visit, totaling 4-5 workshops per day, each lasting approximately 90 minutes. Half of the workshops were conducted before lunch, while the other half were organized after lunch. Between these sessions, participants had a 30-minute coffee break with refreshments and snacks. At the end of each workday, self-assessments and evaluation sessions were led by trainers and staff. The majority of the Preparatory Visit was based on informal learning methods through practice, with some time dedicated to technical aspects such as signing agreements. Evaluation was conducted through a questionnaire distributed to participants via Google Docs. The evaluation results showed that participants were satisfied with the implementation of this activity, with all participants giving the organization a rating of 5. Accommodation, food, and the venue were rated 5 by 75% of the participants, while 25% of them gave a rating of 4. Work methods received complete satisfaction from 91.7% of participants, who gave them a rating of 5, while 8.3% rated the methods with a 4. The timeframe produced similar results to the work methods. Participants were completely satisfied with the trainer and other staff, giving them a clear rating of 5. Communication between the trainer and participants was flawless, but communication among the participants themselves was somewhat challenging due to limited time for establishing more substantial communication. This was attributed to the short duration of the activity. This activity was an essential step in the implementation of the Erasmus+ project “Understanding Fake News – Developing Media Literacy in Our Communities” and laid the foundation for the successful execution of the main activity, which is scheduled for November of this year.

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